1 |
Alzheimer's disease
(82389 times)
|
Neurology (32421 times)
|
MCI (6199 times) APP (4101 times) CSF (3614 times)
|
1975 Analysis of intellectual and cognitive performance in patients with multi-infarct dementia, vertebrobasilar insufficiency with dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.
|
2 |
atopic dermatitis
(9268 times)
|
Dermatology (3389 times)
|
IL (503 times) SCORAD (435 times) IgE (275 times)
|
1975 Atopic disease and serum immunoglobulin-E.
|
3 |
anaerobic digestion
(1774 times)
|
Environmental Health (924 times)
|
FW (99 times) VS (96 times) VFAs (90 times)
|
2001 New perspectives in anaerobic digestion.
|
4 |
aortic dissection
(732 times)
|
Cardiology (186 times)
|
IMH (56 times) CT (38 times) CTA (36 times)
|
1982 Computed tomography versus aortography in diagnosis of aortic dissection.
|
5 |
axial diffusivity
(698 times)
|
Neurology (194 times)
|
FA (607 times) RD (595 times) DTI (445 times)
|
2009 Assessing the effects of age on long white matter tracts using diffusion tensor tractography.
|
6 |
alcohol dependence
(681 times)
|
Substance-Related Disorders (297 times)
|
PTSD (48 times) SNPs (45 times) GWAS (29 times)
|
1988 Alcoholism by Chinese diagnostic interview schedule: a prevalence and validity study.
|
7 |
autosomal dominant
(419 times)
|
Genetics, Medical (86 times)
|
AR (196 times) RP (26 times) XL (23 times)
|
1980 [Medico-genetic study of the population of Turkmenistan. I. Hereditary diseases in 5 districts of the Ashkabad region].
|
8 |
antidepressant
(353 times)
|
Psychiatry (128 times)
|
MDD (50 times) SSRIs (26 times) TRD (25 times)
|
1983 Reserpine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice chronically treated with typical and atypical antidepressants.
|
9 |
advance directive
(252 times)
|
Nursing (42 times)
|
ACP (91 times) EOL (27 times) OR (11 times)
|
1992 The oncology nurse's role in patient advance directives.
|
10 |
afterdischarge
(239 times)
|
Neurology (133 times)
|
AM (13 times) GABA (7 times) GST (7 times)
|
1975 Post-activation potentiation and the kindling phenomenon.
|
11 |
androstenedione
(234 times)
|
Biochemistry (65 times)
|
ADD (38 times) DHEA (32 times) DHT (16 times)
|
1976 A method for tissue extraction and determination of prostate concentrations of endogenous androgens by radioimmunoassay.
|
12 |
anxiety disorders
(226 times)
|
Psychiatry (96 times)
|
MDD (33 times) GAD (19 times) OCD (19 times)
|
1989 Differential rates of urinary noradrenalin excretion in affective disorders: utility of a short time sampling procedure.
|
13 |
adenocarcinoma
(223 times)
|
Neoplasms (121 times)
|
NSCLC (75 times) SCC (66 times) SQ (52 times)
|
1981 Chemotherapy for inoperable, non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: EST 2575, generation II.
|
14 |
autonomic dysreflexia
(217 times)
|
Neurology (116 times)
|
SCI (153 times) BP (31 times) SBP (17 times)
|
1980 Incidence and clinical features of autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury.
|
15 |
adrenaline
(197 times)
|
Pharmacology (45 times)
|
NA (115 times) DA (44 times) CA (13 times)
|
1976 The electrogenesis of adrenaline-hyperpolarization of sympathetic ganglion cells in bullfrogs.
|
16 |
autoimmune disease
(180 times)
|
Allergy and Immunology (39 times)
|
SLE (23 times) RA (21 times) HSCT (12 times)
|
1986 Placental lesions in maternal autoimmune diseases.
|
17 |
autistic disorder
(162 times)
|
Psychiatry (70 times)
|
AsD (28 times) PDD-NOS (23 times) TD (11 times)
|
1989 A five-year follow-up of preschool children diagnosed as having an atypical pervasive developmental disorder.
|
18 |
Addison's disease
(133 times)
|
Endocrinology (72 times)
|
T1DM (15 times) T1D (11 times) APS (10 times)
|
1976 Spastic paraplegia associated with Addison's disease: adult variant of adreno-leukodystrophy.
|
19 |
acute decompensation
(117 times)
|
Gastroenterology (61 times)
|
ACLF (90 times) MELD (13 times) HBV (8 times)
|
2013 Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis.
|
20 |
androgen deprivation
(109 times)
|
Neoplasms (66 times)
|
RT (28 times) PSA (27 times) EBRT (15 times)
|
1997 PSA levels and the rate of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens preceded by androgen blockade in clinical B2 (T2bNxMo) prostate cancer. The Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Study Group.
|
21 |
applicability domain
(106 times)
|
Environmental Health (34 times)
|
QSAR (32 times) MLR (13 times) QSPR (11 times)
|
2005 Statistically validated QSARs, based on theoretical descriptors, for modeling aquatic toxicity of organic chemicals in Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow).
|
22 |
activation domain
(99 times)
|
Molecular Biology (31 times)
|
DBD (13 times) BD (12 times) LBD (5 times)
|
1993 Mouse monoclonal antibodies recognizing the activation domain of HIV-1 rev transactivator.
|
23 |
anterior deltoid
(97 times)
|
Physiology (26 times)
|
EMG (26 times) PM (26 times) UT (23 times)
|
1987 Effects of arm acceleration and behavioral conditions on the organization of postural adjustments during arm flexion.
|
24 |
adenosine
(87 times)
|
Neurology (19 times)
|
ATP (9 times) BF (9 times) ADA (8 times)
|
1967 [Influence of adenosine (AD) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) on growth and porphyrin synthesis from delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in Achromobacter metalcaligenes].
|
25 |
adjustment disorder
(86 times)
|
Psychiatry (31 times)
|
PTSD (14 times) MDD (9 times) PPD (4 times)
|
1987 Adjustment disorder as a marginal or transitional illness category in DSM-III.
|
26 |
Aujeszky's disease
(83 times)
|
Veterinary Medicine (66 times)
|
ADV (17 times) PRV (14 times) VN (6 times)
|
1978 Immunological experimental arthritis in pigs. III. Inflammatory reactions in the brain of pigs immunized with the attenuated virus of Aujeszky's disease.
|
27 |
aortic distensibility
(81 times)
|
Cardiology (28 times)
|
AS (20 times) ASI (14 times) LV (10 times)
|
1996 Evaluation of aortic distensibility in patients with coronary artery disease by use of cine magnetic resonance.
|
28 |
autonomic dysfunction
(79 times)
|
Neurology (19 times)
|
HRV (18 times) HR (9 times) HRR (8 times)
|
1992 Autonomic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: sympathetic overactivity and instability.
|
29 |
acute diverticulitis
(75 times)
|
Gastroenterology (31 times)
|
CT (8 times) DD (6 times) CAD (5 times)
|
1999 Laparoscopic sigmoid resection for acute and chronic diverticulitis. An outcomes comparison with laparoscopic resection for nondiverticular disease.
|
30 |
androgen-dependent
(74 times)
|
Neoplasms (32 times)
|
AI (56 times) AR (17 times) PCa (17 times)
|
1990 Loss of androgen dependence is associated with an increase in tumorigenic stem cells and resistance to cell-death genes.
|
31 |
anoxic depolarization
(65 times)
|
Neurology (29 times)
|
OGD (14 times) SD (10 times) fEPSPs (4 times)
|
1991 Depolarizing effects of anoxia on pyramidal cells of rat neocortex.
|
32 |
axillary dissection
(62 times)
|
Neoplasms (40 times)
|
SNB (14 times) SLNB (13 times) SN (8 times)
|
2001 The effect of sentinel lymph node biopsy on the Nottingham Prognostic Index in breast cancer patients.
|
33 |
adenoma
(58 times)
|
Neoplasms (18 times)
|
CRC (24 times) AC (7 times) CA (6 times)
|
1986 Evaluation of radionuclide imaging and echography in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
|
34 |
absolute difference
(57 times)
|
Neoplasms (6 times)
|
CI (6 times) CC (3 times) CT (3 times)
|
2000 Determination of left ventricular mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: in vitro validation.
|
35 |
acute diarrhea
(55 times)
|
Pediatrics (9 times)
|
PD (8 times) ARI (6 times) EAEC (3 times)
|
1988 Risk assessment for acquiring meningitis tuberculosis among children not vaccinated with BCG: a case-control study.
|
36 |
atherogenic dyslipidemia
(53 times)
|
Metabolism (10 times)
|
TG (15 times) HDL-C (13 times) LDL-C (7 times)
|
2003 Obesity indices and major components of metabolic syndrome in young adult Arab subjects.
|
37 |
agar dilution
(52 times)
|
Microbiology (22 times)
|
BMD (24 times) CA (16 times) DD (14 times)
|
1994 Major methodology-dependent discordant susceptibility results for Bacteroides fragilis group isolates but not other anaerobes.
|
38 |
androst-4-ene-3,17-dione
(52 times)
|
Microbiology (22 times)
|
ADD (18 times) KsdD (5 times) TS (5 times)
|
1976 A synergistic effect of androgen on the stimulation of progesterone secretion by FSH in cultured rat granulosa cells.
|
39 |
affective disorders
(51 times)
|
Psychiatry (23 times)
|
BD (3 times) BPAD (3 times) PD (3 times)
|
1979 'Schizoaffective disorder': dead or alive?
|
40 |
actinomycin D
(48 times)
|
Cell Biology (11 times)
|
CHX (5 times) CL (4 times) 7-AAD (3 times)
|
1973 Physiochemical characterization of a neonatal calf diarrhea virus.
|
41 |
active duty
(47 times)
|
Military Medicine (26 times)
|
BMI (4 times) APFT (3 times) NG (3 times)
|
1996 A retrospective analysis of the costs and consequences of a tobacco-cessation program for active duty service members.
|
42 |
Aleutian disease
(47 times)
|
Veterinary Medicine (17 times)
|
AMDV (15 times) ADV (10 times) CIEP (5 times)
|
1966 Aleutian disease in the ferret.
|
43 |
antidepressant drugs
(47 times)
|
Psychiatry (12 times)
|
MDD (6 times) 5-HT (4 times) NA (3 times)
|
1982 Atypical antidepressant drugs - psychopharmacological profile and mechanism of action.
|
44 |
adult
(44 times)
|
Cardiology (7 times)
|
NB (9 times) CH (5 times) ML (4 times)
|
1982 Growth and functional activities of neonatal and adult rat hepatocytes cultured on fibronectin coated substratum in serum-free medium.
|
45 |
atherogenic diet
(44 times)
|
Vascular Diseases (8 times)
|
HFD (3 times) ACh (2 times) CD (2 times)
|
1982 Effects of experimental atherosclerosis on cerebral blood flow in rabbits. Reversal by sorbinicate.
|
46 |
academic detailing
(43 times)
|
Health Services Research (10 times)
|
GPs (4 times) VA (3 times) CFIR (2 times)
|
1998 A randomized controlled trial of CQI teams and academic detailing: can they alter compliance with guidelines?
|
47 |
aortic diameter
(41 times)
|
Vascular Diseases (16 times)
|
AAA (10 times) AAAs (6 times) BSA (4 times)
|
1988 [Physical properties of the aorta and left ventricular geometry evaluated by Doppler echocardiography in normal subjects].
|
48 |
aggregate data
(39 times)
|
Medicine (12 times)
|
IPD (35 times) RCTs (8 times) NMA (7 times)
|
2005 An overview of methods and empirical comparison of aggregate data and individual patient data results for investigating heterogeneity in meta-analysis of time-to-event outcomes.
|
49 |
absorbed dose
(37 times)
|
Nuclear Medicine (16 times)
|
CT (4 times) BED (3 times) DAP (3 times)
|
2000 Biomonitoring and whole body cotton dosimetry to estimate potential human dermal exposure to semivolatile chemicals.
|
50 |
adriamycin
(37 times)
|
Neoplasms (12 times)
|
CAT (2 times) CHO (2 times) CP (2 times)
|
1976 Induction of DNA degradation in vivo by adriamycin.
|
51 |
antenatal depression
(37 times)
|
Psychiatry (15 times)
|
EPDS (16 times) AA (3 times) PD (3 times)
|
2006 Antenatal depression.
|
52 |
architectural distortion
(35 times)
|
Radiology (15 times)
|
DBT (12 times) US (5 times) DDSM (4 times)
|
2006 A study on the computerized fractal analysis of architectural distortion in screening mammograms.
|
53 |
Asian dust
(35 times)
|
Environmental Health (20 times)
|
CI (6 times) PM (6 times) NAD (4 times)
|
2003 The effects of Asian Dust on particulate matter fractionation in Seoul, Korea during spring 2001.
|
54 |
adenosine deaminase
(34 times)
|
Biochemistry (15 times)
|
XO (12 times) MDA (8 times) NO (7 times)
|
1986 [Biochemical and functional characteristics of thymus and spleen lymphocytes in C3HA mice during the growth of hepatoma 22 and after immunization with sheep erythrocytes].
|
55 |
approximate digestibility
(34 times)
|
Zoology (14 times)
|
ECD (22 times) ECI (22 times) RGR (17 times)
|
1979 Suitability, digestibility and assimilation of various host plants of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L.
|
56 |
Asperger's disorder
(34 times)
|
Psychiatry (21 times)
|
HFA (12 times) TD (3 times) ASD (2 times)
|
2000 Further evidence for a low body weight in male children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder.
|
57 |
adipose tissue
(32 times)
|
Cell Biology (9 times)
|
BM (19 times) MSCs (17 times) UC (8 times)
|
2004 Restoration of early insulin secretion after a meal in type 2 diabetes: effects on lipid and glucose metabolism.
|
58 |
amplitude death
(32 times)
|
Science (13 times)
|
OD (16 times) OS (3 times) NTAD (2 times)
|
2009 Dynamics of chaotic systems with attractive and repulsive couplings.
|
59 |
apparent digestibility
(32 times)
|
Nutritional Sciences (18 times)
|
TD (7 times) OM (5 times) DM (4 times)
|
1981 Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age. 1. The performance of pigs given milk and soya-bean proteins.
|
60 |
amiodarone
(30 times)
|
Toxicology (12 times)
|
AECII (2 times) AIPT (2 times) BAL (2 times)
|
1989 Photosensitivity and hyperpigmentation in amiodarone-treated patients: incidence, time course, and recovery.
|
61 |
African descent
(29 times)
|
Ophthalmology (21 times)
|
ED (27 times) BMO (7 times) ADAGES (5 times)
|
2008 Sequence variation in the human transcription factor gene POU5F1.
|
62 |
abdominal diameter
(28 times)
|
Obstetrics (16 times)
|
BPD (21 times) FL (6 times) AC (3 times)
|
1980 Ultrasonic diagnosis of intrauterine foetal growth retardation.
|
63 |
andrographolide
(28 times)
|
Pharmacology (7 times)
|
ELISA (3 times) NAD (3 times) NF-kappaB (3 times)
|
2011 A potential andrographolide analogue against the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in vero cells.
|
64 |
anomaly detection
(28 times)
|
Neural Networks (Computer) (8 times)
|
DL (3 times) DNNs (3 times) AUC (2 times)
|
2015 Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection by Graph Pixel Selection.
|
65 |
anterodorsal
(28 times)
|
Neurology (14 times)
|
AV (17 times) LD (5 times) AM (4 times)
|
1985 [Effect of electric stimulation of cortical portions of the limbic system on the activity of neurons of the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rabbit].
|
66 |
asymmetric dihydroxylation
(28 times)
|
Chemistry (23 times)
|
AE (2 times) LDH (2 times) beta-CD (1 time)
|
1997 Total Synthesis of (+)-Aspicilin. The Naked Carbon Skeleton Strategy vs the Bioorganic Approach.
|
67 |
adiponectin
(27 times)
|
Endocrinology (6 times)
|
RA (8 times) CIA (6 times) IR (5 times)
|
2006 Adiponectin is a candidate marker of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents.
|
68 |
Alexander disease
(27 times)
|
Neurology (12 times)
|
GFAP (13 times) MRI (6 times) AOAD (4 times)
|
1994 Prominent white matter cavitation in an infant with Alexander's disease.
|
69 |
air-drying
(26 times)
|
Chemistry (9 times)
|
FD (17 times) VMD (5 times) OD (4 times)
|
1999 Photocatalytic Properties of Titania Pillared Clays by Different Drying Methods.
|
70 |
adult-directed
(25 times)
|
Pediatrics (9 times)
|
ID (25 times) ASD (1 time) AV (1 time)
|
1990 Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth.
|
71 |
assistive device
(25 times)
|
Rehabilitation (7 times)
|
ADL (2 times) LV (2 times) UCA (2 times)
|
1989 Left ventricular function in patients with centrifugal left ventricular assist device.
|
72 |
atrial diameter
(25 times)
|
Veterinary Medicine (5 times)
|
PI (7 times) RI (6 times) VD (3 times)
|
1991 Combined effects of nicardipine and hypocapnic alkalosis on cerebral vasomotor activity and intracranial pressure in man.
|
73 |
acetabular dysplasia
(24 times)
|
Orthopedics (14 times)
|
FAI (4 times) OA (4 times) DDH (3 times)
|
2008 Acetabular dysplasia as an aetiological factor in development of hip osteoarthritis.
|
74 |
active disease
(24 times)
|
Neoplasms (8 times)
|
CR (4 times) CD (3 times) TNF-alpha (3 times)
|
1995 Membrane-bound/soluble IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and levels of IL-1 alpha, IL-2, and IL-6 in the serum and in the PBMC culture supernatants from 17 patients with hematological malignancies.
|
75 |
adductor
(24 times)
|
Nutritional Sciences (7 times)
|
SM (10 times) LD (5 times) HM (4 times)
|
1986 The effect of electrical stimulation on the quality of three bovine muscles.
|
76 |
autogenic drainage
(24 times)
|
Pulmonary Medicine (10 times)
|
CF (13 times) PEP (6 times) ACBT (5 times)
|
1990 Autogenic drainage: efficacy of a simplified method.
|
77 |
adherent
(23 times)
|
Allergy and Immunology (7 times)
|
NAD (8 times) RPM (6 times) MCS (5 times)
|
1978 Virus-replicating T cells in the immune response of mice. III. Role of vesicular stomatitis virus-replicating T cells in the antibody response.
|
78 |
amperometric detection
(23 times)
|
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical (22 times)
|
CE (4 times) Cys (2 times) LODs (2 times)
|
1986 Determination of pentachlorophenol in wood samples using liquid chromatography with UV absorbance, amperometric and electron-capture detection.
|
79 |
atypical depression
(23 times)
|
Psychiatry (18 times)
|
MDD (7 times) BP-II (3 times) MDE (3 times)
|
1991 Clinical significance of reversed vegetative subtypes of recurrent major depression.
|
80 |
autoimmune disorders
(23 times)
|
Allergy and Immunology (6 times)
|
MDS (4 times) AChR (2 times) AP (2 times)
|
1993 Human muscle acetylcholine receptor reactive T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with myasthenia gravis.
|
81 |
aerosol deposition
(22 times)
|
Nanotechnology (6 times)
|
AcD (1 time) Al2O3-PTFE (1 time) CBRAM (1 time)
|
2011 High-performance laser mode-locker with glass-hosted SWNTs realized by room-temperature aerosol deposition.
|
82 |
arterial duct
(22 times)
|
Cardiology (14 times)
|
PA (8 times) CHD-DPC (4 times) CHD (3 times)
|
1990 [Percutaneous balloon exploration and plug closure of arterial duct].
|
83 |
AD group
(21 times)
|
Cardiology (2 times)
|
IMH (6 times) AA (2 times) CI (2 times)
|
1999 Frontotemporal dementia: An attempt at clinical characteristics.
|
84 |
ad libitum
(21 times)
|
Endocrinology (5 times)
|
CR (2 times) FR (2 times) IF (2 times)
|
1991 Density of steam-flaked sorghum grain, roughage level, and feeding regimen for feedlot steers.
|
85 |
angiodysplasia
(21 times)
|
Gastroenterology (5 times)
|
GI (5 times) VWD (3 times) APC (2 times)
|
1984 Small intestinal angiodysplasia in the elderly.
|
86 |
anisotropic diffusion
(20 times)
|
Biophysics (9 times)
|
ATM (3 times) SNR (3 times) US (3 times)
|
2001 An anisotropic diffusion method for denoising dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images.
|
87 |
adenomyosis
(19 times)
|
Gynecology (8 times)
|
HIFU (4 times) SQOL-F (4 times) B-PFSF (3 times)
|
2007 Classifying uterine myoma and adenomyosis based on ultrasound image fractal and texture features.
|
88 |
antioxidant defense
(19 times)
|
Toxicology (6 times)
|
CAT (7 times) GSH-Px (6 times) GR (4 times)
|
1993 [Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence in patients with pneumoconiosis and dust-induced bronchitis].
|
89 |
allergic diseases
(18 times)
|
Allergy and Immunology (2 times)
|
ACD (1 time) AD-A (1 time) BES (1 time)
|
2002 Ulcerative colitis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies and allergic diseases: the search for a link.
|
90 |
anti-atopic dermatitis
(18 times)
|
Pharmacology (4 times)
|
DNCB (12 times) IL (6 times) IgE (4 times)
|
2015 A Herbal Formula, Atofreellage, Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in an NC/Nga Mouse Model.
|
91 |
anxiety/depression
(18 times)
|
Public Health (5 times)
|
PD (6 times) SC (5 times) UA (5 times)
|
2007 [Depressive syndrome in gastroenterology: diagnosis and treatment].
|
92 |
area density
(18 times)
|
Complementary Therapies (3 times)
|
CD (4 times) CHD (2 times) CML (2 times)
|
1988 Computer-assisted morphometric study of the innervation of the guinea pig heart.
|
93 |
aspirin desensitization
(18 times)
|
Allergy and Immunology (11 times)
|
AERD (11 times) ESS (6 times) CI (2 times)
|
2013 Aspirin 300 mg/day is effective for treating aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
|
94 |
adefovir dipivoxil
(17 times)
|
Pharmacology (7 times)
|
HBV (4 times) DSC (3 times) SA (2 times)
|
2005 Adefovir dipivoxil therapy in liver transplant recipients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus.
|
95 |
anaerobically digested
(17 times)
|
Environmental Health (15 times)
|
LS (4 times) TD (3 times) WWTP (2 times)
|
2007 Ethanol production from maize silage as lignocellulosic biomass in anaerobically digested and wet-oxidized manure.
|
96 |
aqueous depth
(17 times)
|
Ophthalmology (6 times)
|
LT (13 times) CCT (12 times) AL (11 times)
|
2013 Reproducibility of a long-range swept-source optical coherence tomography ocular biometry system and comparison with clinical biometers.
|
97 |
arginine deiminase
(17 times)
|
Microbiology (5 times)
|
ADS (4 times) CK (4 times) SAGP (3 times)
|
1980 The catabolism of arginine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
|
98 |
ablation depth
(16 times)
|
Ophthalmology (13 times)
|
CH (6 times) CRF (6 times) CCT (5 times)
|
2008 Corneal biomechanical measurements before and after laser in situ keratomileusis.
|
99 |
adipose
(16 times)
|
Cell Biology (4 times)
|
BM (12 times) MSCs (11 times) WJ (3 times)
|
2008 Tissue-specific variation in expression of prolactin receptor gene subtypes in hypergravity-exposed rats.
|
100 |
adipose-derived
(16 times)
|
Cell Biology (5 times)
|
MSCs (10 times) BM (6 times) OA (3 times)
|
2011 Guided bone regeneration in pig calvarial bone defects using autologous mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells - a comparison of different tissue sources.
|